CHAPTER
I
1.1 The Background
Translation is a target
text written as a result of the translator’s comprehension of source text. As a
means of communication, the translation should be accurate, clear and natural
and also should be there sameness in meaning, parallelism in form. To get a
good translation, there are so many factors that should be remembered by
translator. The two important factors are linguistics factor that cover words,
phrases, clauses and sentence; Nonlinguistic factors cover the cultural
knowledge on both source and target language culture (Nababan, 1999:20).
We know that translation is much needed by
someone to transfer one language to another language. By giving this subject,
it is hoped that it will give more chance to students to get a job other than
to be a teacher as the main purpose of their studying in Faculty of teacher
training and education to be a teacher. Besides, the optional subject given to
the students are. In translating text, there are so many aspects that should be
remembered by translator. One of them is mastering language both source
language and target language. It is one of the reasons why we conceive this
paper.
The problems usually
faced by students are lexical problems and grammatical problems. Grammatical problems
cover the problems related to the word in relation to the other word. In
getting a good translation, the translators or students have to know the
grammar of the two languages. So that is why, according to us, this paper is
necessary to be done. By knowing the problems, the teacher will choose the most
appropriate the strategy how to solve the problem to get better students’
acquisition.
Based on the previous
explanation, we think the paper whose title is “Translation Shifts” is
necessary to be done to know the students’ grammatical problems in translating
Indonesia into English and the solution taken by students. Knowing the solution
done by students is very important because if they can solve their problem
appropriately, they will result a good translation. By identifying their
problems, the lecturer will identify it and have the solution how to improve
the weaknesses. It is hoped that by joining translation class, their ability in
translating will be better than before.
1.2 Problems
a. What is the meaning of translation shifts?
b. What are the major
types of translation shifts?
c. What are the
examples of translation shifts?
1.3 Purposes
a. To improve the knowledge of the readers about what translation shifts is.
b. To give more
information about the types of translation shifts so, they know more and really
understand about translation shifts.
CHAPTER
II
2.1 The Definition of Translation Shifts
Translation is not only
the transferring something written in source language into target language.
Munday (2000:4) says that the term translation itself has several meanings: it
can refer to the product and the process. The product involves the translated
text and the process involves the translator changing an original written text
(source language) into written text (target language) in different verbal
language.
Nida and Taber
(1982:12) propose a rather complete definition of translation. According to the
two experts, “Translating consisting of reproducing in the receptor language
the closest natural equivalence of source language message, first in terms of
meaning and secondly in terms of style.” The definition proposed by Nida and
Taber contain some elements that should be taken into account by a translator
in performing his/her task: reproducing the message, equivalence, natural
equivalence, closest equivalence, priority on meaning and also style.
Difficulty in
translation is related to idiomatic expression because each of the language
expresses its own culture where it is used (Tarjana, 2000:2). Another one is
noun phrase. Soemarno (2000:1) says that the difficulties not only the
vocabulary but also the word structure. The other difficulty is in the process
of transferring the meaning from source language into the target one.
Due to those
difficulties, Larson (1984:22) says that translation is a complicated process.
Barnwell (1983:15) says that a good translation should be accurate, clear, and
natural so it is not sound foreign. The principle in translation is the
sameness meaning in the source language (TL) and the target language (TL).
Shift is something
unavoidable in translation. In his attempt to transfer the meaning from one
language (SL) to another (TL) by means of the universally known practice of
translation, the translator faces a plethora of linguistics, stylistic and even
cultural problems. In this case, Popovic (1970;79) says that ‘this transfer is
not performed directly and is not without difficulties.’ This means that the
act of translation can be analyzed along range possibilities, which bring about
a number of shifts in the linguistic, aesthetic and intellectual values of the
source text (ST).
2.2 The Major Types of Translation Shifts
As far as translation
shifts are concerned, Catford defines them as departures’ from formal
correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL. Catford argues
that there are two main types of translation shifts, namely level shifts, where
the SL item at one linguistic level (grammar) has at a different level (e.g.
lexis), and category shifts which are divided into four types:
a. Structure shifts, which involve a grammatical change between the structure of ST and that of the TT.
b. Class shifts, when a
SL item is translated with a TL item which belongs to a different grammatical
class, i.e. a verb may be translated with a noun
.c. Unit shifts, which
involve change ranks.
d. Intra system shifts,
which occur when ‘SL and TL process system which approximately correspond
formally as to their constitution, but when translation involves selection of a
no corresponding term in the TL system’. For example, when the SL singular
becoming TL plural.
2.3 The Examples of Translation Shifts
2.3 The Examples of Translation Shifts
• “Just a minute!” I Made Aseman yelled at the woman. Listen to me first,”he said to the police chief. “You have to hear the whole story.”
• “Nanti dulu,” teriak
I Made Aseman,”begini ratu, saya akan bta panjang bercerita panjang dulu.”
• Based on the
contrastive analysis above, it is known that the translator did the
structural shift. The Translator changes from one sentence becomes two sentences.
structural shift. The Translator changes from one sentence becomes two sentences.
• Off to the side of
the narrow road that twisted through coconut groves on the way to the village
of Bingin Banjah was a hut.
• Di pinggir jalan
kecil yang berkelak-kelok, diantara kebun-kebun kelapa menuju ke Bingin Banjah,
desa yang belum dapat disebut desa benar, hanya sekumpulan rumah-rumah orang
tani saja, adalah sebuah kedai.
• Based on the analysis
above, it can be seen that the translator adds and omits the information that
causes the changes of the message of the SL sentence. It can be seen in the
word desa yang belum dapat disebut desa benar and sekumpulan rumah-rumah orang
tani saja. The two information are not found in the SL. She did the structural
shift.
• “Get out of there.”
• “Hei.”
• In this translation,
the translator did a class shift in translating phrase get out of there. This
phrase is translated into hei. There is a change from phrase into noun. So it
is categorized in class shift
• I Made Aseman was
furious. “This must be Men Negara’s idea, “he muttered grimly. “She’s trying to
soften him up.
• I Made Aseman marah
dalam hatinya. “Men Negaralah yang punya akal ini untuk melunakkan hati
tuannya, “berungutnya.”
• In this translation,
the translator did a class shift in translating phrase muttered grimly. This
phrase is translated into berungutnya. There is a change from phrase into noun.
So it is categorized in class shift.
• The Rape of Sukreni
• Sukreni Gadis Bali
• In this translation,
the translator did a class shift in translating noun phrase into of Sukreni .
This phrase is translated into Sukreni. There is a change from phrase into
noun. So it is categorized in class shift.
CHAPTER
III
3.1 Conclusions
a. Knowing about translation shifts in translating is a must because it helps the translators to be able to differentiate about the structure, class, unit, and rank in order to produce translated texts which are accurate, equivalent, clear, and natural.
b. Translation shifts mean the process of transferring meaning from one language (SL) to another (TL) by means of the universally known practice of translation; the translator faces a plethora of linguistics, stylistic and even cultural problems.
3.1 Suggestions
We suggest all of the readers to learn more about translation shifts because it is really important especially for those who want to be a good translator.
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